Difference between revisions of "Reservoir Heads"

From Hyrel3D
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(154 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
|}
|}


Cold Flow is our term for fluid or emulsified (non-filament-based) materials which are deposited at room temperature, with or without UV Crosslinking.
Reservoir Heads is how we print (also known as Direct Ink Writing or Robocasting) with fluid or emulsified (non-filament-based) materials which are deposited at, above, or below room temperature, with or without UV Crosslinking.


Warm Flow is our term for fluid or emulsified (non-filament-based) materials which are deposited at elevated temperatures, with or without UV Crosslinking.
== Nordson and ViscoTec Heads ==


==Materials for Cold and Warm Flow==
[[File:Nordson_viscotec_vipro_medium.jpg|left|200px|caption]] Some customers have requested that we configure our equipment in such a way that heads from other companies like the [https://www.nordson.com/en/divisions/efd/products/fluid-dispensing-systems/ultimus-v-high-precision-dispenser '''Nordson Ultimus V heads'''] or one of the [https://www.viscotec.de/en/products/3d-print-heads/ '''Viscotec Vipro heads'''].


Cold and Warm Flow heads are for printing as follows:
Yes, Hyrel equipment can accommodate these and other print heads with just a little custom code and a special tool holder. Please contact us if you have any questions at all.
 
Click image for a larger image.
 
==Materials for Reservoir Heads==
 
Reservoir Heads heads are for printing as follows:


* With pastes, gels, emulsifiables or waxes.
* With pastes, gels, emulsifiables or waxes.
Line 54: Line 60:
</div>
</div>


==Heads for Cold and Warm Flow==
==Reservoir Heads==


Cold Flow is available through the following heads:
Ambient or sub-ambient deposition is available through the following Reservoir-based heads:


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:EMO-25.png|[[EMO]]-25
File:EMO-25.png|[[EMO]]-25
File:COD-25.png|[[COD]]-25
File:COD-25.png|[[EMO]]-25 with UV array
File:SDS-30.png|[[SDS]]-5, [[SDS]]-10,<br>[[SDS]]-30, [[SDS]]-60
File:SDS-30.png|[[SDS]]-5, [[SDS]]-10,<br>[[SDS]]-30, [[SDS]]-60
File:CSD-60.png|[[CSD]]-5, [[CSD]]-10,<br>[[CSD]]-30, [[CSD]]-60
File:CSD-60.png|[[SDS]]-5, [[SDS]]-10,<br>[[SDS]]-30, [[SDS]]-60 with UV array
SMH-2 Static Mixing Head
File:SMH2.jpg | [[SMH]]-2 Static Mixing Head
</gallery>
</gallery>


Warm Flow is available through the following heads:
Heated deposition is available through the following Reservoir-based heads:


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:VOL-25.png|[[VOL]]-25
File:VOL-25.png|[[VOL]]-25
File:VCD-25.png|[[VOL]]-25 with COD
File:VCD-25.png|[[VOL]]-25 with UV array
File:KRA-15.png|[[KRA]]-15
File:KRA-15.png|[[KRA]]-15
File:KCD-15.png|[[KRA]]-15 with COD
File:KCD-15.png|[[KRA]]-15 with UV array
</gallery>
</gallery>


* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktK256u0sN8 Overview of the EMO Heads]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktK256u0sN8 Overview of the EMO Heads]
* [http://hyrel3d.net/downloads/Manuals/Data_EMO,COD.pdf Data Sheet for the EMO Heads]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h95IurET7UM Overview of the SDS Heads]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h95IurET7UM Overview of the SDS Heads]
* [http://hyrel3d.net/downloads/Manuals/Data_SDS,CSD.pdf Data Sheet for the SDS Heads]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_onCKhT_dg Overview of the VOL Heads]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_onCKhT_dg Overview of the VOL Heads]
* [http://hyrel3d.net/downloads/Manuals/Data_VOL,VCD.pdf Data Sheet for the VOL Heads]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QD2FrZ4kg1g Overview of the KRA Heads]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QD2FrZ4kg1g Overview of the KRA Heads]
* [http://hyrel3d.net/downloads/Manuals/Data_KRA,KCD.pdf Data Sheet for the KRA Heads]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQj6oLfrbLo Overview of the SMH-2 Head]
* [[File:Yt.png]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQj6oLfrbLo Overview of the SMH-2 Head]
* Please see our [[Manuals]] as well.


{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 85%;"  
{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 85%;"  
|+ EMO-Type Head Comparison
|+ EMO-Type Head Comparison
! style="width: 10%;" | Temperature >
! style="width: 10%;" | Temperature >
! style="width: 10%;" | Down to -5°C >
! style="width: 10%;" | 20°C < Ambient
! style="width: 10%;" | Ambient
! style="width: 10%;" | Ambient
! style="width: 10%;" | Up to 75°C
! style="width: 10%;" | Up to 50°C
! style="width: 10%;" | Up to 100°C
! style="width: 10%;" | Up to 90°C
! style="width: 10%;" | Up to 180°C
! style="width: 10%;" | Up to 180°C
! style="width: 10%;" | Up to 250°C
! style="width: 10%;" | Up to 270°C
|-
|-
! Crosslinking <br> Optional
! Crosslinking <br> Optional
| [[RSD]]-30
| [[RSD]]-30
| [[EMO]]-25 <br> [[SDS]]-5, -10, <br> [[SDS]]-30, -60 <br> SMH-2  
| [[EMO]]-25 <br> [[SDS]]-5, -10, <br> [[SDS]]-30, -60 <br> SMH-2  
| [[HSD]]-30 <br> [[VOL]]-25
| [[HSD]]-30
| [[HSD]]-10
| [[HSD]]-10 <br> [[VOL]]-25
| [[KRA]]-15 <br> [[KR2]]-15
| [[KRA]]-15 <br> [[KR2]]-15
| [[TAM]]-15
| [[TAM]]-15
|}
|}
Note, RSD-30 will take you about 20C below ambient.


So, what do these goofy designations actually stand for?
So, what do these goofy designations actually stand for?
Line 110: Line 114:
:[[VOL]]: Volcano: Heated (up to 100°C) Emulsifiables - Low to Medium Viscosity
:[[VOL]]: Volcano: Heated (up to 100°C) Emulsifiables - Low to Medium Viscosity
:[[KR2]]: Krakatoa v2: a more robust KRA head with a double gasketed plunger hotter, more viscous Emulsifiables - Very High Viscosity
:[[KR2]]: Krakatoa v2: a more robust KRA head with a double gasketed plunger hotter, more viscous Emulsifiables - Very High Viscosity
:[[TAM]]: Tambora: Heated (up to 300°C) Emulsifiables - High Viscosity
:[[TAM]]: Tambora: Heated (up to 270°C) Emulsifiables - High Viscosity
:[[SDS]]: Syringe Dispensing System (uses disposable plastic syringes at room temperature) - Low Viscosity
:[[SDS]]: Syringe Dispensing System (uses disposable plastic syringes at room temperature) - Low Viscosity
:[[HSD]]: Heated (formerly Volcanic) Syringe Dispensing System - Low to Medium Viscosity
:[[HSD]]: Heated (formerly Volcanic) Syringe Dispensing System - Low to Medium Viscosity
Line 117: Line 121:
:[[SMH]]: Static Mixing Head, blending your ratio of material through a baffled nozzle - Low to Medium Viscosity
:[[SMH]]: Static Mixing Head, blending your ratio of material through a baffled nozzle - Low to Medium Viscosity


As of May, 2018, for S30 and ESR, the latest firmware is 32V, included with Repetrel 2.865; for EHR and Hydras, the latest firmware is the same, with Repetrel 3.075_A.
== Research Papers Citing Hyrel Reservoir Heads ==
 
== Research Papers Citing Hyrel Cold and Warm Flow ==


These are now listed by year '''[[Research_Papers | here]]'''.
These are now listed by year '''[[Research_Papers | here]]'''.


== Firmware Versions for Cold and Warm Flow Heads ==
== Firmware Versions for Reservoir Heads ==


As of May, 2018, the following versions should be used for Repetrel versions 2.x and 3.x:
Firmware information is listed [[Firmware|on our Firmware page]].


Use '''_TUBES_35K.hex''' :
== Reservoirs for Reservoir Heads ==
* For all emulsion heads performing prime/unprime actions.
* For all emulsion heads with COD LED activity on constantly.


Use '''_TUBES_49V.hex''' :
We've used different reservoirs over the years. Here are the details.
* For all emulsion heads using Clench Valves instead of prime/unprime actions.
* For all emulsion heads using COD LED activity tied to printing moves only.


Use '''_FIL_250_PLAT_1A.hex''' :
=== Metal Reservoirs ===
* For heated emulsions heads which don't seem to reach max temperature.


== Settings for Cold and Warm Flow Heads ==
{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 80%;"
|+ Metal Reservoirs
! style="width: 10%;" | Tube Material
! style="width: 10%;" | Plunger <br> O-Rings
! style="width: 10%;" | Nominal <br> Volume
! style="width: 10%;" | ID <br> mm
! style="width: 10%;" | OD <br> mm
! style="width: 10%;" | Default <br> Heads
! style="width: 10%;" | Also <br> Compatible
! style="width: 20%;" | Notes
|-
| Aluminum || 1 || 25 cc || 16.9 mm || 20.2 mm || EMO, VOL || EMO-XT || Modified "Makin"
|-
| Stainless || 1 || 15 cc || 17.7 mm || 20 mm || KRA* || none || Modified "Makin"
|-
| Stainless || 1 || 25 cc || 17.7 mm || 20 mm || none || EMO, VOL, EMO-XT || Modified "Makin"
|-
| Stainless || 2 || 15 cc || 18 mm || 20 mm || KR2, TAM, EMO-XT || none || Custom
|-
|}


Non-Hydra units shipping through spring 2017 ship with Repetrel version 2.x. Hydra units, and other units shipping as of summer 2017 will have version 3.x, and should consult the version 3.x tables, below. All units should be upgraded to 3.x when it is available. If you run a head with v2 settings on a v3 install, the background will flash red; please make the two changes below:
=== Plastic Reservoirs ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 80%;"
! style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''Values for version 2.x will be inicated in this manner.'''''</span>
|+ Plastic Reservoirs
! style="width: 20%;" | Default <br> Heads
! style="width: 10%;" | Tube Material
! style="width: 20%;" | Manufacturer
! style="width: 10%;" | Part <br> Number
! style="width: 10%;" | Nominal <br> Volume
! style="width: 10%;" | Notes
! style="width: 20%;" | Hyrel Part
! style="width: 10%;" | Quantity
|-
| SDS-1 || Polypropylene || MHC Easy-Touch || 802010 || 1 cc || none || AN.SYR-01/100-MHC || 100
|-
| SDS-5 || Polypropylene || BD || 309646 || 5 cc || none || AN.SYR-05/125-BD || 125
|-
| SDS-10 || Polypropylene || BD || 309604 || 10 cc || none || AN.SYR-10/100-BD || 100
|-
| SDS-30<br>SDS-30XT || Polypropylene || BD || 302832 || 30 cc || none || AN.SYR-30/54-BD || 54
|-
| SDS-60<br>SDS-60XT || Polypropylene || BD || 309653 || 60 cc || none || AN.SYR-60/40-BD|| 40
|-
| SDS-150XT || Polypropylene || - || - || 150 cc || none || AN.SYR-150/10|| 10
|-
| HSD-10 || Polyamide || Ardes* || || 10 cc || *modified || AN.SYR-10-Ardes || 1
|-
|-
! style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''Values for version 3.x will be inicated in this manner.'''''</span>
|}
|}


Note that you must flash these settings to the head to make them the new default.
== Settings for Reservoir Heads ==


Some settings for the EMO-Type heads (like temperature, prime/unprime values) will vary, depending on what material you are printing with. Nozzle diameter should accurately reflect what nozzle you have loaded (1.6mm is default) AND what path width you sliced for. Temperature commands will be ignored by heads with no temperature control. Having said that, below are our default shipping settings.
All printers and heads shipping after 1 Jan 2020 have shipped with some release of version 4, and these values are shown below.
 
'''[[Reservoir_Heads_OLD|Older settings are listed here.]]'''
 
Some settings for the EMO-Type heads (like temperature, prime/unprime values) will vary, depending on what material you are printing with. Nozzle diameter should accurately reflect what nozzle you have loaded (1.6mm is default) AND what path width you sliced for. Temperature commands will be ignored by heads with no temperature control. Having said that, below are our default shipping settings:


=== METAL Reservoir Heads ===
=== METAL Reservoir Heads ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 75%"
|+ Settings for Cold and Warm Flow Heads with METAL Reservoirs  
|+ Default Settings for Reservoir Heads with METAL Reservoirs  
! rowspan="2" style="width: 15%" | Settings
! style="width: 10%" | Settings
! colspan="5" | [[EMO]], [[VOL]], [[KRA]], [[COD]], [[VCD]], [[KCD]] Heads ''and New [[KR2]] and [[TAM]]''<br> (17mm Tubes, Various Gear Ratios)
! style="width: 10%" | [[EMO]], [[VOL]]<br>27:1 Ratio
|-
! style="width: 10%" | [[VOL]]<br>51:1 Ratio
! style="width: 10%" | 19:1 Ratio
! style="width: 10%" | EMO-XT, [[KR2]], [[TAM]]<br>100:1
! style="width: 10%" | 27:1 Ratio
! style="width: 10%" | [[KR2]]-ST <br> Super Torque
! style="width: 10%" | 51:1 Ratio
! style="width: 10%" | EMO-300XT <br> eXtra Torque
! style="width: 10%" | 100:1 KRA
! style="width: 10%" | 100:1 KR2, TAM
|-  
|-  
!colspan="6"| Material
!colspan="7"| Material
|-  
|-  
! Type  
! Type  
Line 178: Line 217:
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)  
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
|-  
|-  
Line 185: Line 224:
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600  
| 1.600  
| 1.600
| 1.600  
| 1.600
| 1.600
|-  
|-  
! Layer  
! Layer  
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| (any)
|-  
|-  
!colspan="6"| Temp Info
!colspan="7"| Temp Info
|-  
|-  
! Print Temp  
! Print Temp  
| 0
| 0, 35
| 35
| 35
| 35
| (varies)
| 35
| 0
| 35
| 35
|-  
|-  
! Power Factor
! Power Factor
Line 219: Line 258:
|-  
|-  
! Maximum
! Maximum
| 0/100/200
| 0
| 0/100/200
| 90
| 0/100/200
| 0 / 180 / 270
| 0/100/200
| 0  
| 0/100/200
| 0
|-  
|-  
!colspan="6"| Overrides
!colspan="7"| Overrides
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''Pulses: v2.x (~10nl)'''''</span>
! rowspan="2" | Pulses / µL
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''1.6'''''</span>
| '''271.9'''
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''2.3'''''</span>
| 517
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''4.7'''''</span>
| '''1297'''
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''9.0'''''</span>
| ?
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''15.0'''''</span>
| ?
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''Pulses: v3.x (~1μl)'''''</span>
| colspan="6" | ''Note: Values above in '''BOLD''' have been validated through multiple sample testing, July 2020.''
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''176'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''275'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''517'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''1000'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''800'''''</span>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Feed Rate %
| rowspan="2" | 1.000
| rowspan="2" | 1.000
| rowspan="2" | 1.000
| rowspan="2" | 1.000
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">1.000</span>
|-
|-
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">2.000</span>
! Multiplier
| 1
| 1
| 1
| ?
| ?
|-  
|-  
|colspan="6"| '''Prime''' <br> ''Please note that Prime values will vary greatly from those shown, depending on the compressibility of your material.''
! colspan="7"| Prime
|-
|-
! Steps  
! Steps  
| 600
| 6000
| 800
| 1000
| 1000
| 3000
| 6000
| 6000
| ?
| ?
|-
|-
! Rate
! Rate
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| ?
| ?
|-  
|-  
! Dwell Time (ms)
! Dwell Time (ms)
| 600
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 300
| 600
| 600
|-
| ?
! Before Tool Change
|-
| 1
! colspan="7"| Unprime
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-  
|colspan="6"| '''Unprime'''  <br> ''Please note that Unprime values will vary greatly from those shown, depending on the compressibility of your material.''
|-  
|-  
! Steps  
! Steps  
| 500
| 6000
| 650
| 1000
| 800
| 6000
| 2500
| ?
| 5000
| ?
|-
|-
! Rate
! Rate
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| ?
| ?
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''Dwell Time (ms): v2.x'''''</span>
! Dwell Time
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''100'''''</span>
| -600
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''100'''''</span>
| -100
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''100'''''</span>
| -600
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''250'''''</span>
| ?
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''500'''''</span>
| ?
|-
|-
! style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''Dwell Time (ms): v3.x'''''</span>
!colspan="7"| Offsets
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-250'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-500'''''</span>
|-
! After Tool Change
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-
!colspan="6"| Offsets
|-
! Clone Head
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
|-  
|-  
! X
! X
Line 330: Line 333:
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
|-  
|-  
! Y
! Y
| 0,000
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
Line 344: Line 347:
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
|-  
|-  
!colspan="6"| Head Info
!colspan="7"| Head Info
|-  
|-  
! Model
! Model
| (varies)
| EMO-25
| (varies)
| VOL-25
| (varies)
| KR2-15 or TAM-15
| (varies)
| (varies)  
| (varies)  
| EMO-300XT
|-
! PCB Type
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
|-  
|-  
! RTD Type
! RTD Type
| 1k PLAT_RTD
| 1k_PRTD
| 1k PLAT_RTD
| 1k_PRTD
| 1k PLAT_RTD
| 1k_PRTD
| 1k PLAT_RTD
| 1k_PRTD
| 1k PLAT_RTD
| 1k_PRTD
|-  
|-  
! Plot Settings
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
|-
!colspan="7"| Motor Settings
|-
! Step Mode
| 16th
| 16th
| 16th
| 16th
| ?
|-
! Motor Current
! Motor Current
| High
| Normal
| High
| Normal
| High
| Normal
| High
| Normal
| High
| ?
|-  
|-
! Step Mode
! Max Jog Rate
| Sixteenth
| 5,000
| Sixteenth
| 10,000
| Sixteenth
| 15,000
| Sixteenth
| ?
| Sixteenth
| ?
|-  
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 15%" | Settings
! Rot Speed
! style="width: 10%" | 19:1 Ratio
| 1,500
! style="width: 10%" | 27:1 Ratio
| 1,500
! style="width: 10%" | 51:1 Ratio
| 10,000
! style="width: 10%" | 100:1 Ratio
| ?
! style="width: 10%" | 100:1 KR2, TAM
| ?
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | [[EMO]], [[VOL]], [[KRA]], [[COD]], [[VCD]], [[KCD]] Heads ''and New [[KR2]] and [[TAM]]''<br> (17mm Tubes, Various Gear Ratios)
! style="width: 10%" | Settings
! style="width: 10%" | [[EMO]], [[VOL]]<br>27:1 Ratio
! style="width: 10%" | [[VOL]]<br>51:1 Ratio
! style="width: 10%" | EMO-XT, [[KR2]], [[TAM]]<br>100:1
! style="width: 10%" | [[KR2]]-ST <br> Super Torque
! style="width: 10%" | EMO-300XT <br> eXtra Torque
|-
|-
|}
|}


=== PLASTIC Reservoir Heads ===
=== PLASTIC Reservoir Heads: Table 1 ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 75%"
|+ Settings for Cold and Warm Flow Heads with PLASTIC Reservoirs  
|+ Default Settings for Reservoir Heads with PLASTIC Reservoirs - Table 1: Standard Torque, Single Reservoir
! rowspan="2" style="width: 15%" | Settings
! colspan="5" | [[SDS]], [[CSD]], [[HSD]], and [[CHS]] Heads <br> (Various Tube Diameters, Standard Gear Ratios)
! colspan="1" | [[DSD-50]] (1:1)
! colspan="2" | Special
|-
|-
! style="width: 10%" | 1cc ET
! style="width: 10%" | Settings
! style="width: 10%" | 5cc
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]] 1 ET
! style="width: 10%" | 10cc
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]] 5
! style="width: 10%" | 30cc
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]] 10
! style="width: 10%" | 60cc
! style="width: 15%" | [[SDS]]/[[HSD]]/[[RSD]] 30
! style="width: 10%" | DSD-50
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]] 60
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS-10-Ardes]]
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS-30XT]]
|-  
|-  
!colspan="9"| Material
!colspan="11"| Material
|-  
|-  
! Type  
! Type  
| Custom
| Custom
| Custom
| Custom
| Custom
| Custom
| Custom
Line 420: Line 442:
! Color  
! Color  
| (any)  
| (any)  
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)  
| (any)  
| (any)  
| (any)  
Line 432: Line 451:
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600  
| 1.600  
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600
|-  
|-  
! Layer  
! Layer
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| (any)
| 0.300
| 0.300
| 0.300
|-  
|-  
!colspan="9"| Temp Info
!colspan="11"| Temp Info
|-  
|-  
! Print Temp  
! Print Temp  
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0* <br> *35 for HSD
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 35
| 0
| 0
|-  
|-  
! Power Factor
! Power Factor
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
Line 471: Line 478:
|-  
|-  
! Minimum
! Minimum
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
Line 484: Line 488:
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0* <br> *75 for HSD
| 0 / 75 / -10
| 0
| 0
| 130
| 0
| 0
|-  
|-  
!colspan="9"| Overrides
!colspan="11" | Overrides
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''Pulses: v2.x (~10nl)'''''</span>
! rowspan="2" | Pulses / µL
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''5.80'''''</span>
| 270
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''0.75'''''</span>
| '''87.3'''
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''0.58'''''</span>
| '''58.7'''
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''0.225'''''</span>
| '''26.8'''
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''0.15'''''</span>
| '''17.4'''
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''0.135'''''</span>
|-
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''?'''''</span>
| colspan="5" | ''Note: Values above in '''BOLD''' have been validated through multiple sample testing, July 2020.''
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''?'''''</span>
|-
|-
! Multiplier
! style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''Pulses: v3.x (~1µl)'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''610'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''81'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''62.5'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''30'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''27'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''18'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''650'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''200'''''</span>
|-  
! Feed Rate %
| 1.000  
| 1.000  
| 1.000  
| 1.000  
Line 518: Line 508:
| 1.000
| 1.000
| 1.000
| 1.000
| 1.000
|-
| 1.000
! colspan="11"| Prime
| 1.000
|-
! Steps
| 3000
| 1500
| 3000
| 2250
| 1500
|-
! Rate
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000
| 10,000
|-
! Dwell Time (ms)
| 300
| 150
| 300
| 225
| 150
|-  
|-  
|colspan="9"| '''Prime''' <br> ''Please note that Prime values will vary greatly from those shown, depending on the compressibility of your material.''
! colspan="11"| Unprime
|-  
|-  
! Steps  
! Steps  
| 500
| 3000
| 200
| 1500
| 200
| 3000
| 150
| 2250
| 100
| 1500
| 1
| 2000
| 50
|-
|-
! Rate
! Rate
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000
|-
! Dwell Time
| -300
| -150
| -300
| -300
| -300
|-
!colspan="11"| Offsets
|-
! Clone Head
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
|-
! X
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
|-
! Y
| 0,000
| 0,000 
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
|-
! Z
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
|-
!colspan="11"| Head Info
|-
! Model
| SDS
| SDS-5
| SDS-10
| SDS-30 / HSD-30 / RSD-30
| SDS-60
|-
! PCB Type
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
|-
! RTD Type
| None
| None
| None
| None / 1k_PRTD / 1k_PRTD
| None
|- 
! Plot Settings
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
|-
!colspan="11"| Motor Settings
|-
! Step Mode
| 16th
| 16th
| 16th
| 16th
| 16th
|-
! Motor Current
| Normal
| Normal
| Normal
| Normal
| Normal
|-
! Max Jog Rate
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
Line 543: Line 637:
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
|-
! Rot Speed
| 1500
| 1500
| 1500
| 1500
| 1500
|-
! style="width: 10%" | Settings
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]] 1 ET
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]] 5
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]] 10
! style="width: 15%" | [[SDS]]/[[HSD]]/[[RSD]] 30
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]] 60
|-
|}
=== PLASTIC Reservoir Heads: Table 2 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width= 75%"
|+ Default Settings for Reservoir Heads with PLASTIC Reservoirs - Table 2: Higher Torque and Dual Reservoir
! style="width: 10%" | Settings
! style="width: 10%" | [[HSD-10-Ardes]]
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]]-30-XT
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]]-60-XT
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]]-150-XT
! style="width: 10%" | [[DSD-50]]
|-  
|-  
! Dwell Time (ms)
!colspan="6"| Material
|-
! Type
| Custom
| Custom
| Custom
| Custom
| Custom
|-
! Color
| (any)  
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
|-
! Nozzle
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 1.600
| 4.00
|-
! Layer
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
| (any)
|-
!colspan="6"| Temp Info
|-
! Print Temp
| 35
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
! Power Factor
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
Line 550: Line 711:
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 1
| 200
| 100
|-  
|-  
|colspan="9"| '''Unprime''' <br> ''Please note that Unprime values will vary greatly from those shown, depending on the compressibility of your material.''
! Minimum
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
! Maximum
| 75
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!colspan="6"| Overrides
|-
! rowspan="2" | Pulses / µL
| 1800
| 86
| '''29.1'''
| 12.8
| 20
|-
| colspan="5" | ''Note: Values above in '''BOLD''' have been validated through multiple sample testing, July 2020.''
|-
! Multiplier
| 1.000
| 1.000
| 1.000
| 1.000
| 1.000
|-
! colspan="6"| Prime
|-  
|-  
! Steps  
! Steps  
| 400
| 9000
| 160
| 1125
| 160
| 1500
| 120
| 1500
| 80
| 1
| 1
| 1600
| 40
|-
|-
! Rate
! Rate
Line 570: Line 757:
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
|-
! Dwell Time (ms)
| 900
| 115
| 150
| 150
| 1
|-
! colspan="6"| Unprime
|-
! Steps
| 9000
| 1125
| 1500
| 1500
| 1
|-
! Rate
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
| 10,000  
Line 576: Line 783:
| 10,000
| 10,000
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''Dwell Time (ms): v2.x'''''</span>
! Dwell Time
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''100'''''</span>
| -900
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''100'''''</span>
| -300
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''100'''''</span>
| -300
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''100'''''</span>
| -300
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''100'''''</span>
| -100
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''1'''''</span>
|-
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''?'''''</span>
!colspan="6"| Offsets
| style="background-color: pink;" | <span style="color: maroon;">'''''?'''''</span>
|-
! style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''Dwell Time (ms): v3.x'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-1'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-160'''''</span>
| style="background-color: powderblue;" | <span style="color: blue;">'''''-100'''''</span>
|-  
!colspan="9"| Offsets
|-
! Clone Head
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
| Off
|-  
|-  
! X
! X
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
Line 621: Line 802:
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
Line 630: Line 808:
! Z
! Z
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000
| 0,000  
| 0,000  
| 0,000
| 0,000
Line 638: Line 813:
| 0,000
| 0,000
|-  
|-  
!colspan="9"| Head Info
!colspan="6"| Head Info
|-  
|-  
! Model
! Model
| (varies)
| (varies)
| (varies)
| (varies)
| (varies)  
| (varies)  
| (varies) 
| (varies)   
| (varies)   
| (varies)  
| (varies)  
| (varies)  
| (varies)  
|-
! PCB Type
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
| 4988/160J
|-  
|-  
! RTD Type
! RTD Type
| 1k_PLAT_RTD
| None
| None
| None
| None
| None
| None
| None OR <br>1k PLAT_RTD
| None
| None
| None
|- 
| 1k PLAT_RTD
! Plot Settings
| None
| (any)
|-  
| (any)
! rowspan="2" style="width: 15%" | Settings
| (any)
! style="width: 10%" | 1cc ET
| (any)
! style="width: 10%" | 5cc
| (any)
! style="width: 10%" | 10cc
|-
! style="width: 10%" | 30cc
!colspan="6"| Motor Settings
! style="width: 10%" | 60cc
|-
! Step Mode
| 16th
| 16th
| 16th
| 16th
| 16th
|-
! Motor Current
| Normal
| Normal
| Normal
| Normal
| Normal
|-
! Max Jog Rate
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
| 10,000
|-
! Rot Speed
| 7,500
| 1,500
| 1,500
| 1,500
| 1,500
|-
! style="width: 10%" | Settings
! style="width: 10%" | [[HSD-10-Ardes]]
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]]-30-XT
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]]-60-XT
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS]]-150-XT
! style="width: 10%" | DSD-50
! style="width: 10%" | DSD-50
! style="width: 10%" | [[HSD-10-Ardes]]
! style="width: 10%" | [[SDS-30XT]]
|-
! colspan="5" | [[SDS]], [[CSD]], [[HSD]], and [[CHS]] Heads <br> (Various Tube Diameters, Standard Gear Ratios)
! colspan="1" | [[DSD]]-50 (1:1)
! colspan="2" | Special
|-
|-
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 14:19, 24 June 2021

Reservoir Heads is how we print (also known as Direct Ink Writing or Robocasting) with fluid or emulsified (non-filament-based) materials which are deposited at, above, or below room temperature, with or without UV Crosslinking.

Nordson and ViscoTec Heads

caption

Some customers have requested that we configure our equipment in such a way that heads from other companies like the Nordson Ultimus V heads or one of the Viscotec Vipro heads.

Yes, Hyrel equipment can accommodate these and other print heads with just a little custom code and a special tool holder. Please contact us if you have any questions at all.

Click image for a larger image.

Materials for Reservoir Heads

Reservoir Heads heads are for printing as follows:

  • With pastes, gels, emulsifiables or waxes.
  • At room or elevated temperatures.
  • With or without UV Crosslining.
  • With Hyrel Nozzles (1.5mm, 2mm) or Luer Tips.

The following materials can be printed from Cold Flow heads. Note that more viscous materials may not be suitable for plastic syringes or smaller luer tips.

The following materials can be printed from Warm Flow heads. Note that more viscous materials may not be suitable for plastic syringes or smaller luer tips, or may print more easily at higher temperatures.

Reservoir Heads

Ambient or sub-ambient deposition is available through the following Reservoir-based heads:

Heated deposition is available through the following Reservoir-based heads:

EMO-Type Head Comparison
Temperature > 20°C < Ambient Ambient Up to 50°C Up to 90°C Up to 180°C Up to 270°C
Crosslinking
Optional 		RSD-30 EMO-25
SDS-5, -10,
SDS-30, -60
SMH-2 		HSD-30 HSD-10
VOL-25 		KRA-15
KR2-15 		TAM-15

Note, RSD-30 will take you about 20C below ambient.

So, what do these goofy designations actually stand for?

EMO: Emulsifiables at Room Temperature - Low to Medium Viscosity
COD: Emulsifiables T Room Temperature with Crosslink On Demand - Low to Medium Viscosity
VOL: Volcano: Heated (up to 100°C) Emulsifiables - Low to Medium Viscosity
KR2: Krakatoa v2: a more robust KRA head with a double gasketed plunger hotter, more viscous Emulsifiables - Very High Viscosity
TAM: Tambora: Heated (up to 270°C) Emulsifiables - High Viscosity
SDS: Syringe Dispensing System (uses disposable plastic syringes at room temperature) - Low Viscosity
HSD: Heated (formerly Volcanic) Syringe Dispensing System - Low to Medium Viscosity
RSD: Refrigerated Syringe Dispensing System - Low to Medium Viscosity
DSD: Dual Syringe Dispenser, dispensing two-part mixtures at a fixed ratio - Low to Medium Viscosity
SMH: Static Mixing Head, blending your ratio of material through a baffled nozzle - Low to Medium Viscosity

Research Papers Citing Hyrel Reservoir Heads

These are now listed by year here.

Firmware Versions for Reservoir Heads

Firmware information is listed on our Firmware page.

Reservoirs for Reservoir Heads

We've used different reservoirs over the years. Here are the details.

Metal Reservoirs

Metal Reservoirs
Tube Material Plunger
O-Rings 		Nominal
Volume 		ID
mm 		OD
mm 		Default
Heads 		Also
Compatible 		Notes
Aluminum 1 25 cc 16.9 mm 20.2 mm EMO, VOL EMO-XT Modified "Makin"
Stainless 1 15 cc 17.7 mm 20 mm KRA* none Modified "Makin"
Stainless 1 25 cc 17.7 mm 20 mm none EMO, VOL, EMO-XT Modified "Makin"
Stainless 2 15 cc 18 mm 20 mm KR2, TAM, EMO-XT none Custom

Plastic Reservoirs

Plastic Reservoirs
Default
Heads 		Tube Material Manufacturer Part
Number 		Nominal
Volume 		Notes Hyrel Part Quantity
SDS-1 Polypropylene MHC Easy-Touch 802010 1 cc none AN.SYR-01/100-MHC 100
SDS-5 Polypropylene BD 309646 5 cc none AN.SYR-05/125-BD 125
SDS-10 Polypropylene BD 309604 10 cc none AN.SYR-10/100-BD 100
SDS-30
SDS-30XT		 Polypropylene BD 302832 30 cc none AN.SYR-30/54-BD 54
SDS-60
SDS-60XT		 Polypropylene BD 309653 60 cc none AN.SYR-60/40-BD 40
SDS-150XT Polypropylene - - 150 cc none AN.SYR-150/10 10
HSD-10 Polyamide Ardes* 10 cc *modified AN.SYR-10-Ardes 1

Settings for Reservoir Heads

All printers and heads shipping after 1 Jan 2020 have shipped with some release of version 4, and these values are shown below.

Older settings are listed here.

Some settings for the EMO-Type heads (like temperature, prime/unprime values) will vary, depending on what material you are printing with. Nozzle diameter should accurately reflect what nozzle you have loaded (1.6mm is default) AND what path width you sliced for. Temperature commands will be ignored by heads with no temperature control. Having said that, below are our default shipping settings:

METAL Reservoir Heads

Default Settings for Reservoir Heads with METAL Reservoirs
Settings EMO, VOL
27:1 Ratio 		VOL
51:1 Ratio 		EMO-XT, KR2, TAM
100:1 		KR2-ST
Super Torque 		EMO-300XT
eXtra Torque
Material
Type Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom
Color (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Nozzle 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600
Layer (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Temp Info
Print Temp 0 0, 35 35 (varies) 0
Power Factor 100 100 100 100 100
Minimum 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum 0 90 0 / 180 / 270 0 0
Overrides
Pulses / µL 271.9 517 1297 ? ?
Note: Values above in BOLD have been validated through multiple sample testing, July 2020.
Multiplier 1 1 1 ? ?
Prime
Steps 6000 1000 6000 ? ?
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 ? ?
Dwell Time (ms) 600 100 600 ?
Unprime
Steps 6000 1000 6000 ? ?
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 ? ?
Dwell Time -600 -100 -600 ? ?
Offsets
X 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Y 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Z 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Head Info
Model EMO-25 VOL-25 KR2-15 or TAM-15 (varies) EMO-300XT
PCB Type 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J
RTD Type 1k_PRTD 1k_PRTD 1k_PRTD 1k_PRTD 1k_PRTD
Plot Settings (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Motor Settings
Step Mode 16th 16th 16th 16th ?
Motor Current Normal Normal Normal Normal ?
Max Jog Rate 5,000 10,000 15,000 ? ?
Rot Speed 1,500 1,500 10,000 ? ?
Settings EMO, VOL
27:1 Ratio 		VOL
51:1 Ratio 		EMO-XT, KR2, TAM
100:1 		KR2-ST
Super Torque 		EMO-300XT
eXtra Torque

PLASTIC Reservoir Heads: Table 1

Default Settings for Reservoir Heads with PLASTIC Reservoirs - Table 1: Standard Torque, Single Reservoir
Settings SDS 1 ET SDS 5 SDS 10 SDS/HSD/RSD 30 SDS 60
Material
Type Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom
Color (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Nozzle 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600
Layer (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Temp Info
Print Temp 0 0 0 0 0
Power Factor 100 100 100 100 100
Minimum 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum 0 0 0 0 / 75 / -10 0
Overrides
Pulses / µL 270 87.3 58.7 26.8 17.4
Note: Values above in BOLD have been validated through multiple sample testing, July 2020.
Multiplier 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Prime
Steps 3000 1500 3000 2250 1500
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Dwell Time (ms) 300 150 300 225 150
Unprime
Steps 3000 1500 3000 2250 1500
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Dwell Time -300 -150 -300 -300 -300
Offsets
Clone Head Off Off Off Off Off
X 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Y 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Z 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Head Info
Model SDS SDS-5 SDS-10 SDS-30 / HSD-30 / RSD-30 SDS-60
PCB Type 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J
RTD Type None None None None / 1k_PRTD / 1k_PRTD None
Plot Settings (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Motor Settings
Step Mode 16th 16th 16th 16th 16th
Motor Current Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Max Jog Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Rot Speed 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
Settings SDS 1 ET SDS 5 SDS 10 SDS/HSD/RSD 30 SDS 60

PLASTIC Reservoir Heads: Table 2

Default Settings for Reservoir Heads with PLASTIC Reservoirs - Table 2: Higher Torque and Dual Reservoir
Settings HSD-10-Ardes SDS-30-XT SDS-60-XT SDS-150-XT DSD-50
Material
Type Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom
Color (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Nozzle 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600 4.00
Layer (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Temp Info
Print Temp 35 0 0 0 0
Power Factor 100 100 100 100 100
Minimum 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum 75 0 0 0 0
Overrides
Pulses / µL 1800 86 29.1 12.8 20
Note: Values above in BOLD have been validated through multiple sample testing, July 2020.
Multiplier 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Prime
Steps 9000 1125 1500 1500 1
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Dwell Time (ms) 900 115 150 150 1
Unprime
Steps 9000 1125 1500 1500 1
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Dwell Time -900 -300 -300 -300 -100
Offsets
X 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Y 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Z 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Head Info
Model (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies)
PCB Type 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J 4988/160J
RTD Type 1k_PLAT_RTD None None None None
Plot Settings (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Motor Settings
Step Mode 16th 16th 16th 16th 16th
Motor Current Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Max Jog Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Rot Speed 7,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500
Settings HSD-10-Ardes SDS-30-XT SDS-60-XT SDS-150-XT DSD-50
Retrieved from "https://hyrel3d.in/wiki/index.php?title=Reservoir_Heads&oldid=6270"