Reservoir Heads

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Reservoir Heads is how we print (also known as Direct Ink Writing or Robocasting) with fluid or emulsified (non-filament-based) materials which are deposited at, above, or below room temperature, with or without UV Crosslinking.

Materials for Reservoir Heads

Reservoir Heads heads are for printing as follows:

  • With pastes, gels, emulsifiables or waxes.
  • At room or elevated temperatures.
  • With or without UV Crosslining.
  • With Hyrel Nozzles (1.5mm, 2mm) or Luer Tips.

The following materials can be printed from Cold Flow heads. Note that more viscous materials may not be suitable for plastic syringes or smaller luer tips.

The following materials can be printed from Warm Flow heads. Note that more viscous materials may not be suitable for plastic syringes or smaller luer tips, or may print more easily at higher temperatures.

Reservoir Heads

Ambient or sub-ambient deposition is available through the following Reservoir-based heads:

Heated deposition is available through the following Reservoir-based heads:

EMO-Type Head Comparison
Temperature > 20°C < Ambient Ambient Up to 50°C Up to 90°C Up to 180°C Up to 270°C
Crosslinking
Optional 		RSD-30 EMO-25
SDS-5, -10,
SDS-30, -60
SMH-2 		HSD-30 HSD-10
VOL-25 		KRA-15
KR2-15 		TAM-15

Note, RSD-30 will take you about 20C below ambient.

So, what do these goofy designations actually stand for?

EMO: Emulsifiables at Room Temperature - Low to Medium Viscosity
COD: Emulsifiables T Room Temperature with Crosslink On Demand - Low to Medium Viscosity
VOL: Volcano: Heated (up to 100°C) Emulsifiables - Low to Medium Viscosity
KR2: Krakatoa v2: a more robust KRA head with a double gasketed plunger hotter, more viscous Emulsifiables - Very High Viscosity
TAM: Tambora: Heated (up to 300°C) Emulsifiables - High Viscosity
SDS: Syringe Dispensing System (uses disposable plastic syringes at room temperature) - Low Viscosity
HSD: Heated (formerly Volcanic) Syringe Dispensing System - Low to Medium Viscosity
RSD: Refrigerated Syringe Dispensing System - Low to Medium Viscosity
DSD: Dual Syringe Dispenser, dispensing two-part mixtures at a fixed ratio - Low to Medium Viscosity
SMH: Static Mixing Head, blending your ratio of material through a baffled nozzle - Low to Medium Viscosity

Research Papers Citing Hyrel Reservoir Heads

These are now listed by year here.

Firmware Versions for Reservoir Heads

Firmware information is listed on our Firmware page.

Settings for Reservoir Heads

All printers and heads shipping after 1 Jan 2020 have shipped with some release of version 4, and these values are shown below. Older settings are listed here.

Some settings for the EMO-Type heads (like temperature, prime/unprime values) will vary, depending on what material you are printing with. Nozzle diameter should accurately reflect what nozzle you have loaded (1.6mm is default) AND what path width you sliced for. Temperature commands will be ignored by heads with no temperature control. Having said that, below are our default shipping settings:

METAL Reservoir Heads

Settings for Reservoir Heads with METAL Reservoirs
Settings EMO, VOL, KRA (old), KR2 and TAM (17mm Tubes, Various Gear Ratios)
19:1 Ratio 27:1 Ratio 51:1 Ratio 100:1 KRA (old) 100:1 EMO-XT,
KR2, TAM 		100:1 EMO-ST,
KR2-ST, TAM-ST
Material
Type Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom
Color (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Nozzle 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600
Layer 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
Temp Info
Print Temp 35 35 35 35 35 35
Power Factor 100 100 100 100 100 100
Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum 0 0/80 0/80 0/80/150 0/80/150/250 0/80/150/250
Overrides
Pulses / µL 1.6 / 176 / 176 2.3 / 275 / 275 4.8 / 517 / 517 9.0 / 1,000 / 1,000 15 / 600 / 1200 ? / ? / ?
Multiplier 1 1 1 1 1 / 2 / 1 1 / 2 / 1
Prime
Steps 7000 6000 1000 3000 6000 ?
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 ?
Dwell Time (ms) 700 600 100 300 600 ?
Before Tool Change 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a n/a
Unprime
Steps 7000 6000 1000 3000 6000 ?
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 ?
Dwell Time 600 / -700 / -700 500 / -600 / -600 100 / -100 / -100 300 / -300 / -300 500 / -600 / -600 n/a
After Tool Change 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a n/a
Offsets
Clone Head Off Off Off Off Off Off
X 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Y 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Z 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Head Info
Model (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies)
PCB Type n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J 4988/160J
RTD Type 1k PLAT_RTD 1k PLAT_RTD 1k PLAT_RTD 1k PLAT_RTD 1k PLAT_RTD 1k PLAT_RTD
Motor Current High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a n/a
Step Mode 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a n/a
Plot Settings (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Motor Settings
Step Mode n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th ?
Motor Current n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal ?
Max Jog Rate n/a / n/a / 5,000 n/a / n/a / 5,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 15,000 n/a / n/a / 15,000 ?
Rot Speed n/a / n/a / 7,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 15,000 n/a / n/a / 15,000 ?
Settings 19:1 Ratio 27:1 Ratio 51:1 Ratio 100:1 KRA (old) 100:1 EMO-XT,
KR2, TAM 		100:1 EMO-ST,
KR2-ST, TAM-ST
EMO, VOL, KRA (old), KR2 and TAM (17mm Tubes, Various Gear Ratios)

PLASTIC Reservoir Heads

Settings for Reservoir Heads with PLASTIC Reservoirs
Settings SDS, HSD, and RSD Heads (with or without COD)
(Various Tube Diameters, Standard Gear Ratios) 		DSD-50 (1:1) Special (with or without COD)
1cc ET 5cc 10cc 30cc 60cc 150cc XT DSD-50 HSD-10-Ardes SDS-30XT SDS-60XT
Material
Type Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom
Color (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Nozzle 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.600 4.00 1.600 1.600 1.600 1.6000
Layer 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
Temp Info
Print Temp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0
Power Factor 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum 0 0 0 0; 75 for HSD 0 0 0 130 0 0
Overrides
Pulses / µL 5.8 / 610 / 610 0.75 / 81 / 81 0.58 / 62.5 / 62.5 0.225 / 30 / 30 0.15 / 19.4 / 19.4 12.8 / 12.8 / 12.8 0.135 / 20 / 20 ? / 900 / 900 ? / 86 / 86 ? / 25 / 28.8
Multiplier 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1 / 2 / 2 1.000 1.000
Prime
Steps 7500 1500 3000 2250 1500 1500 1 9000 1125 1500
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Dwell Time (ms) 800 150 300 300 300 300 100 900 300 300
Before Tool Change 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a
Unprime
Steps 7500 1500 3000 2250 1500 1500 1 9000 1125 1500
Rate 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Dwell Time 800 / -800 / -800 300 / -300 / -300 300 / -300 / -300 300 / -300 / -300 300 / -300 / -300 300 / -300 / -300 1 / -1 / -1 900 / -900 / -900 300 / -300 / -300 300 / -300 / -300
After Tool Change 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a 2 / n/a / n/a
Offsets
Clone Head Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off
X 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Y 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Z 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Head Info
Model (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies) (varies)
PCB Type n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J n/a / n/a / 4988/160J
RTD Type None None None None; varies
for HSD, RSD 		None None None 1k_PLAT_RTD None None
Motor Current High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a High / High / n/a
Step Mode 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a 16th / 16th / n/a
Plot Settings (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any) (any)
Motor Settings
Step Mode n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th n/a / n/a / 16th
Motor Current n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal n/a / n/a / Normal
Max Jog Rate n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000 n/a / n/a / 10,000
Rot Speed n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 7,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500 n/a / n/a / 1,500
Settings 1cc ET 5cc 10cc 30cc 60cc 150cc XT DSD-50 HSD-10-Ardes SDS-30XT SDS-60XT
SDS, HSD, and RSD Heads (with or without COD)
(Various Tube Diameters, Standard Gear Ratios) 		DSD-50 (1:1) Special (with or without COD)
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